{"id":729,"date":"2015-12-20T17:56:09","date_gmt":"2015-12-20T17:56:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/?p=729"},"modified":"2020-10-21T13:30:09","modified_gmt":"2020-10-21T13:30:09","slug":"revista-inshr-holocaust-studii-si-cercetari-vol-vii-nr-18-2015","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/revista-inshr-holocaust-studii-si-cercetari-vol-vii-nr-18-2015\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201dElie Wiesel\u201d Institute`s Journal: Holocaust. Studii \u015fi cercet\u0103ri, vol. VII, issue 1(8), 2015"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” column_spacing=”0px” tablet_fullwidth_cols=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1517327123890{padding-top: 150px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/first_page_ew.jpg?id=1103) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}” local_scroll_id=”home-top” el_class=”bg-fixed”][vc_column 0=””][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row column_spacing=”60″ local_scroll_id=”cine_suntem” css=”.vc_custom_1515854239369{padding-top: 40px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column 0=””]

\u201dElie Wiesel\u201d Institute`s Journal:
\nHolocaust. Studii \u015fi cercet\u0103ri, vol. VII, issue 1(8), 2015<\/span><\/h2>
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” column_spacing=”60″ local_scroll_id=”features” css=”.vc_custom_1515856202370{background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column 0=”” width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]\"\"<\/p>\n

Title: <\/strong>Holocaust. Studii \u015fi cercet\u0103ri, vol. VII, no. 1(8)\/2015
\nPrice: <\/strong>34 lei
\nCuprins<\/strong><\/a>
\nAbstract<\/strong><\/a>
\nOrders: <\/strong>office@inshr-ew.ro<\/p>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_toggle title=”List of Authors”]\n

*No more than two-thirds of the authors published in the journal are from the same institution.<\/em><\/p>\n

Adina Babe\u015f<\/strong> is a researcher at the \u201cElie Wiesel\u201d National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania and an associated lecturer at the National School of Political Studies and Public Administration of Bucharest. She holds a Ph.D. in Political Sciences and is a graduate of MA programs in Social Sciences (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel), Hebrew Culture and Civilization (University of Bucharest, Romania), and Nationalism Studies (Central European University, Hungary). She has authored articles, book reviews, and translations published in volumes and academic journals, and participated with scientific papers in conferences, seminars, and round tables.<\/p>\n

Ana B\u0103rbulescu<\/strong> is a researcher at \u201cElie Wiesel\u201d National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania and a lecturer at the University of Bucharest, Section of Jewish Studies. She is working on the collaborative project \u201cThe Reconstruction of Holocaust Public Memory in Post-Communism\u201d and also on a project on daily life in the ghettos of Transnistria during the Holocaust. She is the author of In-group vs. Out-group in the Biblical Imaginary, Tritonic, 2004) and co-editor, with Alexandru Florian and Alexander Climescu, of Forced Labor of the Jews in Romania (Polirom, 2013). She is the recipient of the Felix Posen Doctoral Fellowship at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, as well as of fellowships from the Hebrew University\u2019s Rothberg International School and the Foundation for the Promotion of Jewish and Israeli Culture.<\/p>\n

Lya Benjamin<\/strong> holds a Ph.D. in History. She is a researcher at the Center for the Study of the History of Jews in Romania. She has authored many volumes of documents, studies, articles, and lectures regarding the Romanian Holocaust and the history of the Romanian Jews. She has taken part in international conferences in Romania, Israel, Germany, France, the United States related to the history of the Jews and the Holocaust.<\/p>\n

Alexandru Climescu<\/strong> is a researcher at the \u201cElie Wiesel\u201d National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania and a PhD candidate at the Department of Political Science of the University of Bucharest. He is working on the collaborative project \u201cThe Reconstruction of Holocaust Public Memory in Post-Communism\u201d and has published widely on the Holocaust in Romania and on right-wing extremism. He is co-editor, with Ana B\u0103rbulescu and Alexandru Florian, of the volume, Forced Labor of the Jews in Romania (Polirom, 2013).<\/p>\n

Gy\u00f6rgy Csepeli<\/strong> is a professor of Social Psychology and holds the Chair of the Interdisciplinary Social Science Research Doctoral Program at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University (ELTE). He holds a doctorate from ELTE and a DSc from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and has taught at Montclair State University, Yale University, the University of Gorizia, the New School for Social Research, the University of Michigan, Oregon State University, and UCLA. Dr. Csepeli\u2019s research interests cover areas of the social psychology of intergroup relations such as national identity, antisemitism, anti-Gypsy sentiments, and conflict resolution, and he is involved in various projects on discrimination and European identity. Most recently, Dr. Csepeli\u2019s interests have turned towards the use of Big Data in resolving social problems, and he is currently working on a project based on the textual database of interviews with Holocaust survivors, collected by the Hungarian Jewish relief organization, National Committee for Attending Deportees (DEGOB), starting in 1945.<\/p>\n

Laura Ioana Degeratu<\/strong> graduated with an MA in History at the Department of History of the University of Bucharest with a dissertation on Romanian Cinematography in the 1970s
\n\u2014 Means of Propaganda? Case Study: The Movie \u201ePuterea \u015fi adev\u0103rul\u201c (Power and Truth, 1972). She is currently a researcher at the \u201cElie Wiesel\u201d National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania. Her research interests: forced labor of the Romanian Jews during the Second World War; the ghettos in Transnistria; cinema and propaganda.<\/p>\n

Pothiti Hantzaroula<\/strong> is an assistant professor of Historical Anthropology at the Department of Social Anthropology and History of the University of the Aegean (Mytilene, Greece). She received her Ph.D. in 2002, from the Department of History and Civilization of the European University Institute of Florence. Her fields of research include oral history, the memory and history of the Second World War, the history and historiography of gender and sexuality, and the history of emotions. She is a founding member of the Association of Oral History in Greece and currently a vice-president of the board of administration. Dr. Hantzaroula is one of the founding editors and members of the editorial board of the journal Historian: A Review of the Past and Other Stories. Her book Sculpting Subordination: Domestic Workers in Greece in the First Half of the Twentieth Century (in Greek, Papazisis, 2012) is an oral history of paid domestic work in Greece. It was converted to a theatrical performance by the Group Casus Belli, under the title \u201cOn Subordination\u201d in 2013. Dr. Pothiti Hantzaroula was a member of the research programme \u201cFrom Between the Wars to Reconstruction (1930- 1960). The Experience of the Jews of Greece in Audio-Visual Testimony\u201d, supervised by Henriette-Rica Benveniste (University of Thessaly) and funded by the John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation. The research team constructed a database that gathered all the oral testimonies conducted so far with the Jews of Greece. The database can help researchers orient themselves toward the available sources.<\/p>\n

Gergely Kunt<\/strong> is a social historian and lecturer at the University of Miskolc, Hungary; he teaches the social history of Hungary and East-Central Europe. His dissertation on social ideas and prejudices during World War II was based on a comparative analysis of Jewish and Christian adolescent diaries. He has been collecting privately-owned diaries and has acquired a great number of unpublished diary manuscripts from the period of the Holocaust. Kunt earned his Ph.D. in History at the University of Budapest (ELTE) in 2013.<\/p>\n

Linda Margittai<\/strong> is a Ph.D. candidate in Modern History at the University of Szeged, Hungary. Her research interests include the implementation and effects of Hungary\u2019s antisemitic laws, the involvement of non-Jews in the Aryanization of Hungary\u2019s economy, and the social basis of the Hungarian Arrowcross Party. Her dissertation analyzes the regional characteristics of the Hungarian authorities\u2019 anti-Jewish policy in the Southern Province (Voivodina). Ms. Margittai is a participant in the Yad Vashem Archives\u2019 Research Group on Hungary and currently a Fellow at the Claims Conference Saul Kagan Fellowship in Advanced Shoah Studies.<\/p>\n

Raluca Moldovan<\/strong> is a university lecturer at the Department of International Relations and American Studies of Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, where she teaches American Studies and Jewish Studies. She holds a Ph.D. in History from the same university, with a thesis entitled The Representation of the Holocaust on Film. Dr. Moldovan has published widely on film and the Holocaust, and the role of film as an educational tool for preserving the memory of historical events such as the Holocaust and is the author of Reel Trauma: The Representation of the Holocaust on Film (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012).<\/p>\n

Liviu Neagoe<\/strong> has a Ph.D. in History (2013), specializing in Modern History. He was editor of the magazine Cuv\u00e2ntul and editorial secretary of the periodical History, Culture, and Society of the \u201cGeorge Bari\u0163iu\u201d Institute of History and is a member of the editorial board of The Journal for Democracy and Electoral Studies. He coordinated the volume Elite, Nation, and Society in Modern Romania (2012) and published the book Citizenship, Nation, and Ethnicity. A Comparative Perspective (2014).<\/p>\n

Andreea-Iulia Olaru (Vasile)<\/strong> has a Ph.D. in Philology at the Department of Letters of the University of Bucharest in 2013, with the thesis titled Tales of Intercultural Communication as a Way of Life. She attended post-graduate masters in Ethnology, Cultural Anthropology, and Folklore at the Department of Letters.<\/p>\n

Gerg\u0151 Prazs\u00e1k<\/strong> is a lecturer at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University (ELTE) and a secretary of the Interdisciplinary Social Research Doctoral Program of the Department of Social Sciences. He received his doctorate from the University of P\u00e9cs, in Philosophy, in 2009. His fields of research are the study of social networks, information society, human values, and inter-cultural communication. He won a J\u00e1nos Bolyai scholarship from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences between 2012 and 2014, during which he analyzed the value systems of marginal groups and proved that the conflicts between the majority and minority groups were largely derived from their different value systems. Prior to pursuing his academic career, Dr. Prazs\u00e1k worked in public administration for almost a decade.<\/p>\n

Michael Shafir<\/strong> is Professor Emeritus at the Doctoral School of International Relations and Strategic Studies of the Babes-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca. Dr. Shafir is the author of three books and more than 300 articles on communist and postcommunist affairs, published in collective volumes and in professional journals in Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.<\/p>\n

Viktoriya Sukovataya<\/strong> is a Ph.D. and Doctor of Habilitation in Philosophical Anthropology, professor at the Theory of Culture and Philosophy of Science Department, Kharkiv National Karazin University, Ukraine. She has published more than 150 articles and won at least 12 individual grants, including fellowships at the Hamburg University (Germany), the Free University (Berlin), the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies (USA), The George Washington University (USA) and the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (the Netherlands).<\/p>\n

Svetlana Suveic\u0103<\/strong> is a researcher at the Institute of East and Southeast European Studies (IOS) in Regensburg and an associate professor at the Moldovan State University in Chi\u015fin\u0103u. She studied history in Chi\u015fin\u0103u and earned her Ph.D. in Ia\u015fi, Romania. Dr. Suveic\u0103 was a Humboldt research fellow at IOS Regensburg in 2012-2014 and a Fulbright research fellow at Stanford University in 2009-2010. She has taught graduate and undergraduate courses on Romanian, Moldovan, and East European history and society between 1914 and 1945, and has authored two monographs and one edited volume, as well a number of publications on the transition from empires to nation-states, post-WWI order, nation-state building after WWI and WWII, post-Soviet social and political transformations. In May 2015, Dr. Suveic\u0103 started a two-year research project, \u201cInstitutions in a Time of Extremes: Local Administration of Bessarabia and Transnistria in 1939-1945\u201d, sponsored by Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, Germany.<\/p>\n

Ter\u00e9zia Sz\u0171cs<\/strong> is a literary historian, critic, and independent researcher. She gained her Ph.D. in 2009 at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University in Budapest. Her research focuses on the literature of the Holocaust, and Romani literature. She is the author of The History of Forgetting \u2013 The Witness of the Holocaust in Literary Works (2011, published in Hungarian) and editor of Representations of Jewish Identities in Twentieth-Century Hungarian Literature (2013, published in Hungarian).<\/p>\n

Carmen \u021a\u00e2g\u0219orean<\/strong> is a Ph.D. candidate (Communication Studies, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University). Main fields of interest: postwar journalism and the Holocaust in Romania; Romanian journalists of Jewish origin. She is editor-in-chief of the Romanian Journal of the History of the Press; author of several articles: \u201cMarius Mircu\u2019s collaboration at the newspaper The Nation\u201d; \u201cThe image of Ana Pauker in 1947 press\u201d, \u201cLife on the frontline and the horrors of WWI as seen by the Romanian newspapers of Transylvania: Liberty, Awakening, and The Romanian (1914-1918)\u201d, etc.<\/p>\n

George Voicu<\/strong> is a professor at the National School of Political Studies and Public Administration. He has published several books on radical political ideas and antisemitism (such as The Myth of Nae Ionescu, Antisemitic Theses in the Public Discourse, The Malevolent Gods: The Culture of Conspiracy in Post-Communist Romania, or X-Raying an Expatriation: the Case of Laz\u0103r \u0218\u0103ineanu).<\/p>\n[\/vc_toggle][vc_separator][vc_tta_accordion active_section=”1″ title=”Abstracts”][vc_tta_section title=”Jewish Life in Bucharest at the Time of the Holocaust” tab_id=”1603111609559-16933b9a-3178″][vc_column_text]\n

Adina Babe\u0219<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

A long list of laws, decisions, and decrees with impact on the Jewish population of Romania has been enacted between 1940 and 1944. Moreover, brutal actions towards the Jews, violent pogroms, and significant isolations, ghettoizations, and deportations took place throughout that period. Their impact made the subject of a considerable number of researches and studies. In this study, I am particularly interested in presenting the results of research that investigated the impact on Jewish life in Bucharest and on how the Jewish community responded to all that. I am particularly interested in seeing how that is reflected in the diaries that focused on the period in question. Through their personal and informal approaches, those diaries bring to the public a complementary understanding of the topic. From bringing charity under the form of food or medical assistance to making use of their official positions and approaching the state leaders, the Jewish leaders tried to cover as much as possible from the personal to the professional life of the community members.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Jewish life; Jewish community; Diaries; antisemitic measures and events; Pogroms; Holocaust
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415331<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Camp in Vapniarka: Detention, Survival, Memory” tab_id=”1603111609600-f9381362-cda4″][vc_column_text]\n

Laura Degeratu<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Under the Romanian administration instituted in Transnistria during the years 1941-1944, most Romanian Jews were deported to ghettos and camps organized in this region. In 1942, the majority of communist Jews were detained in the T\u00e2rgu-Jiu camp, and during that year they were deported to the camp in Vapniarka, situated in northern Transnistria. The present study gathers information regarding the detention regime instituted in the camp in Vapniarka. I propose a brief analysis of how the Vapniarka case remained in the memory of the surviving prisoners and in the archives.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/em>: Transnistria; Vapniarka camp; Jews; memory; prisoners testimonies
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415333<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Assault on the Bucharest Jewish Community During the Legionary Rebellion, as Seen by the Press” tab_id=”1603112498614-d79ce829-3dc1″][vc_column_text]\n

Carmen \u0162\u00e2g\u015forean<\/p>\n

Abstracts <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

During World War II, Romania underwent one of its history\u2019s most troubling times, leading to a significant decrease in numbers of a minority which had played an important role in the modernization of the country prior to these events. Specifically, I refer to the Jewish community and the Holocaust. It is our duty of honor to preserve the memory of those tragic moments: from 1941 to 1944, some of the Jewish community\u2019s most prominent members were killed in pogroms in Bucharest, Bessarabia, and Bukovina, Ia\u015fi, or in concentration camps in Transnistria. In Moldova\u2019s counties, the number of those killed or deported represents a large percentage of the population (in places, the entire Jewish population was wiped out), while in Bucharest reprisals were particularly emotional, political, or economic. Here, the authorities\u2019 official attitude on the issue triggered a series of atrocities committed against the Jews between 21 and 23 January 1941. Given the involvement of the civilian population in the looting, robberies, and acts of violence against the Jewish population, we can say without hesitation that the manipulation and propaganda conducted by the Romanian authorities and by the most influential intellectuals served their purpose really well. Information about the events in Bucharest was recorded in official documents, in the Jewish writers\u2019 volumes, in the eyewitnesses\u2019 testimonies, their memoirs, and press articles. The articles, from which strong antisemitism transpires, should be treated with caution. It is also necessary to take into account the censorship imposed by the authorities, characteristic of periods of military conflict, but also of totalitarian regimes. Regarding the memories, the information should be evaluated carefully, because of the emotional involvement of their authors who tend to exaggerate. This study aims at presenting the pogrom in Bucharest and analyzing how it was presented in official documents, in the volumes of the Holocaust historians, in memories, and in the central press.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Pogrom; newspapers; Bucharest; memoirs; WWII
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415334<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Self-Reflexive Antisemitism of a Young Hungarian Woman During and After World War II (1940-1947)” tab_id=”1603112599722-9541050a-a8d0″][vc_column_text]\n

Gergely Kunt<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

This paper is an analysis of two unpublished diaries written by young Hungarian Christian women: \u00c9va Korn\u00e1ssy (pseudonym \u2014 1925) and Matild Forg\u00e1cs (pseudonym \u2014 1930). I discuss \u00c9va\u2019s worldview, social imaginary, and internalized prejudices, that were uniquely self-reflexive compared to the views of her contemporary peers, as my comparative analysis of the diaries of \u00c9va and Matild aims to show. As early as at age fifteen, \u00c9va supported certain tenets of conservative feminism and her views on issues such as the oppression of women and inequality were remarkably progressive compared to those of other adolescent diary-writers. However, her internalized antisemitic prejudices greatly affected her political views and the development of her relationships until her early twenties, when \u00c9va fell in love with a Jew and entered into a romantic relationship with him. The relationship forced \u00c9va to reflect on her own antisemitism and recognize her internalized negative views as prejudices, that resulted in a long struggle to overcome it. Although \u00c9va ultimately failed to overcome her antisemitic prejudices, the fact that she acknowledged them and struggled to change her views makes her case atypical among other Christian adolescent diary-writers, including Roman-Catholic Matild Forg\u00e1cs. Both diarists were courted by Jewish men, but Matild\u2019s entries show a typical, unreflexive antisemitism which differs from \u00c9va\u2019s account.<\/p>\n

Keywords: Hungary, antisemitism, life writing, conservative feminism, World War II.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415336<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Paths to Fatelessness” tab_id=”1603112735623-250bdac6-9324″][vc_column_text]\n

Gy\u00f6rgy Csepeli, Gerg\u0151 Prazs\u00e1k<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

In the year 1944, the Hungarian Jewry became the target of the German intent of annihilation. More than 400,000 Jews living in the countryside were deported to Auschwitz and to other camps throughout Germany. 60,000 Hungarian male Jews served in the Hungarian Army as subjects of \u201clabor service\u201d. Most of the Jews living in Budapest survived. Right after the collapse of the Third Reich, tens of thousands of former deportees returned to Hungary. Many Jews had returned from the \u201clabor service\u201d. More than 100,000 survived living in Budapest. After the liberation, 6,000 survivors were interviewed orally by the interviewers recruited by the Deport\u00e1ltakat Gondoz\u00f3 Bizotts\u00e1g (DEGOB). The texts of the interviews were immediately written down and archived. The texts, however, disappeared for decades. After 1989, the texts unexpectedly resurfaced and have been made available for research. Now the database formed by the digitalized texts in both Hungarian and English can be assessed on the website degob.hu. Three paths were identified during the Holocaust. One was the path leading to Auschwitz. The second path was the so-called \u201clabor service\u201d, that was established for Jewish males serving in the Hungarian Army. Most Jews living and hiding in Budapest were not deported. They survived in one of the two Budapest ghettos at the end of 1944 and in early 1945. In the presentation, we will demonstrate the different strategies of survival of those who were deported to Auschwitz, with a special emphasis on the internal and external factors hindering or facilitating the escape from annihilation.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Discrimination; ghettoization; deportation; eyewitness report; psychological space of persecution
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415340<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Local Administration in Transnistria and the Holocaust: Two Case Studies” tab_id=”1603112892049-368a674d-6aa8″][vc_column_text]\n

Svetlana Suveic\u0103<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

The paper deals with an under-researched topic: the behavior of the local civil administration in Transnistria in the Holocaust, during the Romanian military occupation, from 1941 to 1944. Although not directly responsible for \u201ccleansing the terrain\u201d of Jews, the institutions of the local administration, subordinated to the Civil Governorate of Transnistria, were expected to express loyalty and cooperated with central as well as regional civil and military authorities. The primary sources showcases of conflictual cooperation between the local institutions themselves, which were often shaped by personal conflicts between the public servants. These conflicts subsequently influenced the decisions related to the Jews. The moral and professional conduct of the public servants was often judged by the expected behavior related to the status of the Jews; the charges of having intimate relationships with Jewish women added significantly to the vulnerability of the public servants, on the one hand. On the other hand, the documents reveal the vulnerability and fragility of the life of Jewish women, who were exposed to continuous moral and physical humiliation, being often turned by public servants into tools for sexual pleasure and personal revenge.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Transnistria; Holocaust; local administration; professional conduct; personal conflicts; Jewish women
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415343<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Economic Aryanization in Northern Transylvania, 1940-1944: Intentions, Considerations, and Realities” tab_id=”1603112953411-7dccfea0-3de1″][vc_column_text]\n

Linda Margittai<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

This article discusses the shaping and implementation of the economic Aryanization policies of the Hungarian governments with regard to Northern Transylvania, a region that was re-annexed from Romania to Hungary in 1940 and remained so until the end of the Second World War. In the anti-Jewish regulations introduced from 1938 on, the Hungarian governments\u2019 fundamental aim was to treat the symptoms of the country\u2019s economic and social problems rather than introduce hard solutions. Thus, the goal was to reduce the \u201cexcessive\u201d social and economic influence of the Jews by transferring properties and positions held by Jews to ethnic Hungarians. Decision-makers, however, understood that a poorly thought total Aryanization process would entail serious economic disruption. Until Nazi Germany\u2019s occupation of Hungary in March 1944, the authorities across the country generally insisted on a relatively careful implementation of the economic Aryanization plans. In Northern Transylvania, like the other multi-ethnic borderlands Hungary re-annexed with Axis support, antisemitic Aryanization efforts took place in the context of a wholesale re-Magyarization of society and economy, that targeted both Jews and members of other ethnic minorities. In these re-annexed regions, the special administrative, political, and social conditions also allowed for harsher antisemitic initiatives than those implemented in the mother-country. This article focuses on the Hungarian governments\u2019 plans to carry out, based on a comprehensive procedure, the so-called \u201cvetting of business licenses\u201d, a large-scale Aryanization\/ nationalization of Northern Transylvania\u2019s commerce and industry and discusses the economic and social constraints decision-makers faced in implementing this program. Its scope of reducing the economic share of the Jews in Northern Transylvania carried beyond the usual course of economic Aryanization in the mother-country. In these plans, the Hungarian government also targeted ethnic Romanians initially, but eventually refrained from introducing an openly anti-Romanian procedure, in order to avoid aggravating political tensions with Romania. At the same time, the government also knew that wholesale efforts to eliminate the role of the Jews would undermine the region\u2019s economy. Decision-makers, for instance, drew lessons from the \u201cunsuccessful\u201d radical Aryanization experiments that had been initiated in regions re-annexed before Northern Transylvania. The liquidation of Jewish businesses in Northern Transylvania was also often stymied by a lack of competent ethnic Hungarian replacements and by the fact that the authorities did not want to strengthen the economic positions of the members of other non-Hungarian minorities.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/em>: Hungary; Northern Transylvania; Aryanization; economic nationalization; ethnic policy
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415344<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Holocaust in South-Eastern Europe: The Case of the Ukrainian Kharkiv Region” tab_id=”1603113037830-1df9a00a-1a4f”][vc_column_text]\n

Viktoriya Sukovataya<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

This paper is devoted to the specifics of the Holocaust in the Ukrainian Kharkiv region (Eastern Ukraine) in comparison with the other Nazi-occupied regions of Europe. The history of the Holocaust in Kharkiv is being considered against the background of many factors which defined its particularities. They are the pre-war Jewish life in Kharkiv; the ideological status of Kharkiv in the German propaganda, as being the first capital of Soviet Ukraine; the attitude of the Nazis towards the non-Jewish ethnic and social groups of the Kharkiv population as motivation for the Holocaust in Kharkiv; the specifics of the Nazi occupation in the large Soviet cities of Eastern Ukraine. A discussion is being made on the fact that the genocide against the Jews took extremely brutal forms in Ukraine. Specific to the Holocaust in Ukraine was an interweaving of racial and ideological reasons for genocide. Soviet Jews were considered to be the racial-political enemy. The Holocaust in Eastern Europe cannot be considered as a phenomenon of Jewish history only, but at the background of the relationships between the Jews and the Slavs whose were victims of the Nazis, too; many non-Jewish people who tried to saved the Ukrainian Jews shared the \u201cJewish fate\u201d.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Holocaust; Ukrainian Jews genocide; non-Jewish victims
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415349<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Politics of Memory and Representation: Film and the Holocaust in Central and Eastern Europe” tab_id=”1603113121103-e615db85-2992″][vc_column_text]\n

Raluca Moldovan<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Artistic representations of the Holocaust (be they literary, visual, or cinematic) have, more often than not, stirred up controversies and provoked heated debates in the academic and non-academic circles alike. Of these kinds of representations, the cinematic ones \u2014 by virtue of the medium\u2019s undeniable popularity \u2014 have often been at the forefront of such discussions, in which their content and mode or representation have been analyzed and scrutinized for authenticity, appropriateness, and historical accuracy. The aim of my paper is not so much that of doing a content analysis of films about the Holocaust, but rather to investigate the social and historical context in which they were made, by looking at three case studies of Central- and East-European countries: Poland, Hungary, and Romania. All three countries share similarities (the fact that they were all part of the Soviet bloc until 1989), but also notable differences: while in Poland and Hungary, popular dissent with the communist regime was more vocal and visible in the latter half of the ninth decade, the national-communist Romanian regime tried to stifle completely any form of political opposition. The legacy of the Holocaust was also dealt with differently in all three cases, a factor that undoubtedly influenced both the number and the content of films directly or indirectly representing it. My intention, therefore, is to make a comparative analysis of Holocaust representations in Polish, Hungarian, and Romanian cinema by focusing on films made both before, and after 1989, from Andrzej\u2019s Wajda\u2019s Samson to Istv\u00e1n Szab\u00f3\u2019s Sunshine and from P\u00e9ter Forg\u00e1cs\u2019 Free Fall to Radu Gabrea\u2019s Gruber\u2019s Journey, with the aim of discovering whether the social and political context in which these films were made had any impact on their representation of the Holocaust and, if so, to what extent.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Holocaust film; Central and Eastern Europe; communism
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415351<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Parallel Worlds of the Holocaust in Romania: Legitimizing, Witnessing, and Avoiding Death” tab_id=”1603113207840-43c621a4-1b40″][vc_column_text]\n

Ana B\u0103rbulescu<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Seventy-four years ago, Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transnistria, territories under Romanian authority at the time, became the scene of mass-murders, tens of thousands of men, women, and children being killed for being Jewish. The events are well-documented by historians today, so my interest was in the reconstruction not of the historical facts, but of the social and symbolic worlds and, consequently, the parallel realms built up by the three categories of actors (perpetrators, bystanders, and victims). The approach I propose is a structuralist one, while the explanatory model I construct uses Agamben\u2019s and Goffman\u2019s theorizations.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Homo sacer; sovereign ban; total institution; ritual disobedience
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415353<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Witness in the Hungarian Literature of the Romani Holocaust” tab_id=”1603113277204-7935a3b6-bf24″][vc_column_text]\n

Ter\u00e9zia Sz\u0171cs<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

The paper seeks to explore how the memory of the Romani Holocaust is represented in two novels about the twentieth-century fate of the Roma in Hungary \u2014 The Color of Smoke (1975), by Menyh\u00e9rt Lakatos, and Nobody Will Pay for J\u00f3ska \u00c1tyin (1997), by B\u00e9la Osztoj- k\u00e1n. Both novels perceive the event of the Holocaust as part of the long, grim history of the Hungarian Roma, a cataclysm embedded in the ongoing process of traumatizing violence and humiliation. Shifting from the event-based understanding of trauma, both narratives present the continuous state of exclusion from society. They establish a link between the Holocaust and other events of twentieth-century Hungarian history and represent the connection between the Roma and the Jewish experience of the Holocaust. Thus, these novels bear multiple witnesses: they give a testimony of racial and historical traumatization, and they speak not only for the community they chose to represent, but for the Hungarian Jewry, too, and the whole of the Hungarian society. These narratives impose a challenge as they inspire us to apply a cross-cultural, extended model of trauma.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Roma; Holocaust; Hungarian literature; trauma
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415355<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Children\u2019s Experience of the Holocaust: Memory and Identity in Post-War Greece” tab_id=”1603113348233-eee82df7-c09b”][vc_column_text]\n

Pothiti Hantzaroula<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

The current study approaches the children\u2019s experiences of the Holocaust through the use of oral testimonies of child-survivors. It explores the strategies of families confined by the extremely limited choices that existed during the introduction of anti-Jewish legislation and the implementation of the \u201cFinal Solution\u201d in Greece and investigates the aid networks and the relationships that developed and enabled survival. The imprint of the Holocaust in memory is mediated by age and by the specific circumstances in which Jewish communities and families were caught during the war. To investigate the ways in which the experience of the Holocaust shaped post-war subjectivities, the study focuses on three age groups of child-survivors. The first age group consists of children who were born during the war. The second age group consists of children who belong to 1.5 generation, a term improvised by Susan Rubin Suleiman to designate child-survivors who were too young to have an adult understanding of what was happening to them, but old enough to remember the Nazi persecution of Jews. The third age group concerns adolescents. The article analyzes the distinct biographical histories of the above-mentioned age groups and illuminates the ways in which historical consciousness is formulated through the complex interrelationship between memory, family, and history. The transmission of family history to subsequent generations becomes a duty and a political issue, as well as a form of historical consciousness.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Child-survivors; testimony; hidden children; Bergen-Belsen; postmemory
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415358<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The \u201cSecond N\u00fcrnberg\u201d: Legend vs. Myth in Postcommunism (II)” tab_id=”1603113440470-6213d7a2-4bb9″][vc_column_text]\n

Michael Shafir<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

In the first part, this article shows that \u201cdenazification\u201d is a legend transformed into a myth (in the Sorelian sense of this term) and reflects a clash of memories rather than a dispute among historians. The \u201cmyth as legend\u201d undergoes a transmogrification into \u201cmyth-asaction\u201d and is employed for the purpose of justifying calls for a \u201csymmetric\u201d treatment of the Gulag based on the precedent of the Holocaust, in order to bring to justice those perceived as culpable of the crimes of the former regime, as well as for lustration. The second part shows that the clash is also part and parcel of the postcommunist search for a \u201cusable past\u201d, entailing a pronounced subjective dimension; it also insists on the \u201csocial frameworks\u201d of memory (Halbwachs) and on the role of \u201cmyth-providers\u201d. The extent and, above all, the limits of denazification in postwar Germany are analyzed in the third part, while the fourth does the same for the Austrian case. The fifth part refers to the extent and the limits of the French and Italian postwar retribution of former officials of the Vichy and Mussolini regimes, the punishment of collaborators, and the \u201cmis-memory\u201d of their actions. In a counterfactual section, the sixth part again refers to subjectivity, presenting an imaginary postwar trial of Benito Mussolini. The concluding remarks attempt to bring some novel analytical angles based on some sociologists\u2019 treatment of collective memory and its subjectivity.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> History; memory; denazification; N\u00fcrnberg
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415362<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Post-Communist Romania\u2019s Leading Public Intellectuals and the Holocaust” tab_id=”1603113690294-8b061e16-3297″][vc_column_text]\n

George Voicu<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Starting from the premise that the leading Romanian public intellectuals, widely perceived as representing the very intellectual elite of the country, have a major impact on the public opinion, the present study analyzes the positions and attitudes expressed by the latter \u2014 in books, articles, interviews, statements, etc. \u2014 with regards to the Holocaust. The study finds that there is a strong connection between the many distortions in the public image over the tragedy experienced by Jews during World War II and the opinions expressed by the aforementioned intellectuals.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Leading public intellectuals; communism; fascism; Gulag; Holocaust
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415363<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Holocaust on Trial. Memory and Amnesia in the Case of Romanian War Criminals” tab_id=”1603113756220-23295a0f-12e1″][vc_column_text]\n

Alexandru Climescu<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

This study addresses the cases of persons convicted of war crimes after 1945 and acquitted after 1989 by the Romanian judiciary. It will explore the judges\u2019 and prosecutors\u2019 depiction of criminal responsibility, their use of evidence, and their knowledge about the Holocaust. The final aim of the article is to explain the factors which made possible these acquittals and to assess their meaning for the relationships between justice, history, and memory.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Holocaust; war criminals; post-communism; memory; trial; Romania
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415365<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Nationalism, Xenophobia, Ethnocentrism \u2014 Defining Features of Antonescu\u2019s Antisemitism” tab_id=”1603113828315-2ff5852d-95dd”][vc_column_text]\n

Lya Benjamin<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Studiul de fa\u0163\u0103 prezint\u0103 particularit\u0103\u0163ile politicii antisemite a mare\u015falului Antonescu, politica sa de rom\u00e2nizare \u015fi de purificare etnic\u0103, de demonizare a popula\u0163iei evreie\u015fti, considerat\u0103 mai periculoas\u0103 dec\u00e2t du\u015fmanul extern. Aceast\u0103 politic\u0103 nu a fost impus\u0103 de al Treilea Reich, ea avea r\u0103d\u0103cini istorice autohtone.
\nKeywords:<\/em> Antisemitism; invazie evreiasc\u0103; evreul parazit; iudeo-bol\u015fevism; purificare etnic\u0103; omogenizare rasial\u0103
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415366<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”The Cultural Paradigm of Romanian Antisemitism: The Jews Between Non-Assimilation and the Refusal of Integration” tab_id=”1603113890187-6c1ab7c2-375c”][vc_column_text]\n

Liviu Neagoe<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

The radicalism of the antisemitic interwar discourse originated in the cultural paradigm of the antisemitism later nineteenth century. The ideologues of interwar antisemitism took and quoted selectively from the political and literary texts of the intellectual elite from the latter half of the nineteenth century, to justify their own radicalism and the exclusion of the Jews from Romanian culture. This paper analyzes the cultural paradigm of nineteenth-century antisemitism, focusing on a few case studies: two precursors of cultural antisemitism: historian B.P. Hasdeu and poet Vasile Alecsandri, and the cultural exclusion of philologist Laz\u0103r \u015e\u0103ineanu. The three cases illustrate the relationship between Jews and Romanians as a form of adequation to a certain ethnic background. Consequently, Romanian culture was considered an identity matrix and a patrimony exclusively dedicated to the Romanians.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Cultural antisemitism; B.P. Hasdeu; V. Alecsandri; L. \u015e\u0103ineanu
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415369<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”Cultural Communication Through Images about the Self and the Others \u2014 The Romanian Jewish Community” tab_id=”1603113967004-22e1aa64-4b4f”][vc_column_text]\n

Andreea-Iulia Olaru (Vasile)<\/p>\n

Abstracts<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

The subject of mental formation of an image about the Other brings together and creates a relationship between areas seemingly not in an obvious connection, such as Cultural Anthropology, Imagology, Sociology, and the area of Communication Studies. In other words, the essence of intercultural communication and research is understanding how cultures, subcultures, or, better said, groups generally communicate to others and among themselves. Because any communication is fundamentally intercultural, it means accepting the Other, understanding the cultural game differences, and different ways of thinking. Having the central focus of analysis on imagology and ethno-psychology, the theme of the research is to show how the Jewish community of Romania has built their auto-image and hetero-image in recent years. This contributes to observing the construction of identity through multiple attributions that make a differentiating picture. The study aims to show how the identity and alterity are built through images about the Self and images about the Other. This type of analysis has been applied in various ways to different ethnic or cultural communities, as members issued their own perceptions of the world and of alterity, conceptualized through images and symbols. Images about ourselves and about the others have an important role in social construction and the result of and depend on, how we relate and communicate with the Other. If the socio-mythical-economic portrait of the \u201cJew\u201d has been so far widely discussed in Andrei Oi\u015fteanu\u2019s work (2004), which is based on the stereotypical image of the Jews in European culture until the early 1970s \u2013 1980s, this paper tries to illustrate how the image of the Romanian Jewish community is being perceived today. This research is part of a larger study dealing with life stories as means of intercultural communication and has as a central point the stories of the Shoah survivors.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> Intercultural communication; identity; auto-image; hetero-image; Romanian Jewish community
\nhttps:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=415372<\/a><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_accordion][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” column_spacing=”0px” tablet_fullwidth_cols=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1517327123890{padding-top: 150px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/first_page_ew.jpg?id=1103) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}” local_scroll_id=”home-top” el_class=”bg-fixed”][vc_column 0=””][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row column_spacing=”60″ local_scroll_id=”cine_suntem” css=”.vc_custom_1515854239369{padding-top: 40px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column 0=””][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” column_spacing=”60″ local_scroll_id=”features” css=”.vc_custom_1515856202370{background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column 0=”” width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text] Title: Holocaust. Studii \u015fi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":730,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7,8],"tags":[],"post_series":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/729"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=729"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4187,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/729\/revisions\/4187"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=729"},{"taxonomy":"post_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inshr-ew.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_series?post=729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}